Curriculum checklist Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Educational plan agenda - Assignment Example An educational plan ought to be planned in light of having every one of these assorted varieties and, after its all said and done it ought to be an exceptionally strong one since this is the essential venturing stone for each understudy who looks for information on the grounds that the organization that the understudies visits is to choose what an understudies is going to contemplate and learn at the foundation. There ought to be no payment of training that is one-sided towards any sexual orientation or race since then it would be exceptionally hard to find some kind of harmony with in the foundation in light of the fact that the air would then be unfriendly towards that race or sex. Strict investigations granted at any understudy ought to be finished with extraordinary consideration since religion is part of life where feelings run high and wild and it is extremely simple to form religion into various shapes and use it for ones accommodation. There ought to likewise be governing rul es and the educational plan ought to be changed when the requirement for it emerges on the grounds that there is no reason for showing out of date educational programs. Structure At the point when one discusses educational program unique consideration ought to be drilled while structuring the educational program on the grounds that the plan of the educational plan is the initial move towards having a suitable educational plan. The structuring ought to be inline, as referenced previously, with the affirmation strategy of the instructive foundation since that would influence the degree of training conferred to the understudies. The plan ought to be exact and inline with the educational program objective which characterizes what the program or a course is expected to show the understudies or what the ultimate objective is tried to be, this precision level is significant provided that this isn't the situation then the educational plan objectives would not be accomplished to the ideal levels and subsequently the general purpose of structuring the educational plan would be lost. Extraordinary consideration ought to be given to the association of the substance in a consistent grouping in such a case that this isn't done so then the understudies would be at a misfortune since then they would need to adapt up to additional weight that is baseless due to an absence of appropriate structuring and this slip-up is on part of the organization where as the understudies would need to pay as lower evaluations and there would be disdain inside the understudies. The models inside any course material ought to be very top notch and they ought to be outlined on the grounds that representations go far in helping understudies recall things and yet it ought to be recollected that the books doesn't exclusively rely upon these delineations since then the understudies may feel over troubled as a result of them. The inquiries in the course material ought to be introduced coherently, in a way trouble and the inquiries ought to be very much pointed and ought to be inline with the content that has been introduced in the book since understudies ought not be relied upon to handle inquiries on which material is absent in the course material. Methodology The methodology of introducing course material is maybe the most significant part since this is

Reflective report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Intelligent report - Essay Example The latter is identified with the PDP and the achievements, and modificiations that had been performed. The solid focuses incorporate the substance and general data being obviously referenced on a PowerPoint position that empowered a reasonable view. Further, the certainty and the abilities of the gathering individuals to introduce the data in a great manner was another solid point. In spite of this positive, the principle feeble side looked during function as a unit on the given introduction was time the board. In my view, this came about because of the various and periodic differentiating timetables of the individuals in the gathering. Subsequently it made it uncomfortable to devote legitimate time that would coordinate all. As a result, the gathering neglected to satisfy the space of fitting timespan portion. Notwithstanding that we turned to interfacing through the computerized electronic methods. It brought about decreased useful and gainful connection accordingly. Furthermore, I detected that bigger piece of difference during the introduction and the report composing came about because of the different varieties in the general perspectives towards the gathering work understanding. Every individual from the gathering had diverse arrangement of objectives in their scholarly interests in such manner. Incompletely not many of the gathering individuals pointed insignificant passing evaluations, others strived for greatness and figured they could get An evaluations. This brought about in general distinction in perspectives and propensities towards primary objectives. On the off chance that we were allowed to play out the given errand, I would by and by think of number of proposals and suggestions. This would remember practice of the introduction for a legitimate way before the real cutoff time. Likewise guaranteeing that every part comprehends what the assignment is. Choosing the correct man for the correct sort of employment inside the errand and gathering would compensate for my methodology as a new beginning. Fortunately, in the wake of accepting the reaction with respect to the presentation’s weaknesses from our educator, it empowered us to

whats on my desk messy person edition

whats on my desk messy person edition ever see one of those social media #inspo posts featuring an aesthetic workspace with color-coded notes, DIY pencil holders, and marbled laptop cases? this is not that post. this is a post about my desk, which seldom has enough free space for me to actually get work done.   ~not sponsored~ here’s what’s on my desk, from left-to-right, top-to-bottom: my friend Katie Zhao’s new novel, The Dragon Warrior  01 Katie and I have the same agent, and I actually got to see her at Boston Book Festival last month. she signed my book! a binder containing a draft of my novel manuscript 02 I meant to revise this throughout the semester but balancing school and writing is hard printouts of my 18.200A (Discrete Mathematics) lecture notes The Art of Problem Solving, Volume II a box of contact lenses a random notebook I made freshman year Writing Irresistible Kidlit a Pusheen notebook more contact lenses Brookside dark chocolate, acai and blueberry flavors Complete Minimal Poems 03 lighght daily moisturizing lotion empty plastic bottle that really should be recycled A Cup of Water Under My Bed 04 an MIT Reads selection. the author came and spoke to us a few weeks ago! hair dye, 05 I dyed my hair last month and kept the box just in case fuchsia another empty plastic bottle charcoal makeup remover wipes peach pressed powder earbuds lip balm cloth hair elastic retainer eyeshadow palette lip gloss glasses knit hat 06 blogger points to anybody who can guess which flag it is folder of critiques from CMS.307 (Critical Worldbuilding) mug containing toothbrush toothpaste hair brush blush concealer 07 stress acne is a rip :( powder foundation Post Tagged #am i an influencer yet #don't forget to like and subscribe back to text ? back to text ? back to text ? back to text ? back to text ? back to text ? back to text ?

Traveling to Spain- Personal Narrative Essay - 553 Words

Traveling to Spain- Personal Narrative Spain. A wonderful country with a different culture to any other in the world. With its wonderful scenery jumping out at you and its surprisingly unfamiliar ranges of spicy foods, this and the relaxation was why I wanted to go. But with all its exciting features I was barely able to relax at all. My journey started when I left the plane. The hot breeze immediately hit my soft pink skin and left me with a silent shiver up my spine. I looked around and the setting was beautiful, all I could see was lush green fields, and silent hills with the sun just rising over the top. I stopped staring in amazement and walked over to the airport. It was very neat and†¦show more content†¦I ordered an exotic squid and salad dish, with silky red wine and ice. Later on, the order I made arrived the smell was sensational. The freshly caught octopus had a strong scent and was very salty, and the feeling of the ice cold red wine hitting the back of your throat on scorching hot day was breatht aking. After I had finished my dinner I went for a quiet walk through the woodland. I listened to the weird and wonderful sounds of the animals living in there. The sounds were very surprising but they made it very calm and peaceful which was very enjoyable. It began to get dark and the sun was beginning to fall so I headed back to the villa. When I got there I was ready for some supper but the owners left me nothing so I decided to go to a little restaurant in the village. The day had been very hot and left me feeling clammy and tired, so I had a cold shower to wake me up and make me feel refreshed. I then got dressed up and headed to the restaurant. When I got there the waiter asked me if I would like some French bread with salmon paste for a starter, I agreed to this , and when I tasted the soft and crumbly bread I felt like a spoilt king. And then to top this of the soft salmon paste on the bread was delicious and left me on edge as to what I would choose for main course. I dec ided on having theShow MoreRelatedPans Labyrinith by Guillermo del Toro1492 Words   |  6 PagesThe narrative of the film â€Å"Pan’s Labyrinth† by Mexican film director Guillermo del Toro, is told from a â€Å"real world† perspective as well as a â€Å"mythical world† perspective. These two narrative perspectives from both the â€Å"mythical world† and the â€Å"real world† are juxtaposed together by using Ofelia in a fashion that allows the two perspective narratives to develop in an interfaced manner as the film progresses. â€Å"Pan’s Labyrinth† is a film that is primarily set in the territory of fascist Spain on theRead MoreSandra Cisneros And Reyna Grande’S Representation Of Their1220 Words   |  5 Pagesterminates his relationship with Mexico, in fact he continues to identity as Mexican and for Cisneros being the daughter of a Mexican was important for the development of her personal identity. She is the produ ct of migration and a second generation immigrant in Chicago. As the daughter of a Mexican she grew up speaking Spanish and traveling to Mexico, in other words she grows up in a transnational interchange between the United States and Mexico. Through these frequent travels she remains connected withRead MoreAnalysis Of Vicky Cristina Barcelona ( Woody Allen1444 Words   |  6 Pagesstereotypical perception of Spanish identity was mostly shaped in this movie. Vicky Cristina Barcelona focuses on the love story of Vicky, Cristina, Juan Antonio, and Maria Elena. From the beginning of the film we were introduced to two main American girls traveling to Barcelona for the summer, Vicky and Cristina. Both of the girls believe that Barcelona is a magical place that can help them grow and give them perspective on life and understanding the Catalonian culture. With that being said, the plot centersRead MoreTranscultural Identity1783 Words   |  8 Pagesterminate his relationship with Mexico, in fact he continues to identify as Mexican and for Cisneros being the daughter of a Mexican was important for the development of her personal identity. She is the product of migration and a second generation immigrant in Chicago. 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From about the eighth to the eleventh century, their culture was superior in many ways to that of western Christendom. Some of the finest centers of Moslem life were established in Spain. In Cordova, the streets were solidly paved, while at the same time in Paris people waded ankle-deep in mud after a rain. Cordovan public lamps lighted roads for as far as ten miles; yet seven hundred years later there was still not a single publicRead MoreRamona1999 Words   |  8 Pagespreachy, politically polarized style. Ramona became a bestseller in 1884, many literary critics at the time focused only on the romantic story line and not the progressive message of reform. Incorporated into Ms. Jacksons novel are her own personal feelings about the lack of a real social movement to combat these injustices at the time. Michael Dorris writes [Jackson] incorporated in her own work not only the Southern California locales of her recent experience, but many of the names, eventsRead MoreDepiction and Development of the Knight Hero in Wolfram von Eschenbachs Parzival2808 Words   |  12 PagesHerzens Rat (13.3-15). Unlike his sense of loyalty and love, Gahmuret’s dedication to moderation and modesty as described here are perfectly in keeping with Campbell’s knightly ideals. It first becomes evident at this stage that the need for personal heroic achievement in the shape of daring adventure is an overriding concern for a knight, superseding the more quotidian considerations of, in this instance, triuwe to family. Gahmuret quickly finds the adventure he seeks in the service ofRead MoreFigurative Language and the Canterbury Tales13472 Words   |  54 Pageshousing. Let us march on segregated schools. Let us march on poverty. Let us march on ballot boxes.... --Martin Luther King, Jr. †¢ Mad world ! Mad king! Mad composition ! 6. antagonist: the character or force opposing the protagonist in a narrative; a rival of the hero 7. apostrophe: addressing an absent or dead person or a personified abstraction †¢ â€Å"Eloquent, just, and mighty Death ! whom none could advise....† †¢ O WORLD, I cannot hold thee close enough! 8. approximate rhyme: alsoRead MoreEl-Al Marketing Analysis5815 Words   |  24 Pageswell. 3. ELAL hires thousands of employees and has several subsidiaries as well. 4. ELAL s narrative is defined by the ideal of being the number one airline for passengers from and to Israel. ELAL is constantly walking the thin line regarding the political status quo. ELAL maintains its religious crowd by keeping the Shabbat on one hand, and losing potential revenues by doing so. This narrative is implemented in the outline of ELAL s marketing agenda, ever claiming that it is Israel s national

Compare And Contrast Oedipus And Othello - 1816 Words

When asked to think of a classic play that shaped the whole of literature, some of the most common answers will include Oedipus by Sophocles and Othello by William Shakespeare. Both of these texts are held in high regard as some of the greatest writing of our time, not only for their command and use of language but for their intricately woven storylines and tragic endings. Both title characters were written as tragic characters, and as such their stories result in unhappy endings for all involved. The difference is that while one story was running along a set course put in place by an outward force and unable to be altered, the other tragedy was completely self-inflicted. Oedipus had no choice but to succumb to the fate placed in front of†¦show more content†¦But as a tragedy is defined, both stories were always going to end in sorrow, because without tragedy there can be no tragic hero. In Oedipus, the central tragedy is that of a disgraced king who fulfills a prophecy that he had worked so hard to avoid. In order to rescue his people from a plague, he sets out on a journey of discovery that leads him to learn that the people he thought were his parents were really just his adoptive parents, and that he actually had come to fulfill the prophecy that he would marry his mother and kill his father. At one point, he argues that he should be able to change his fate, and the response he receives is â€Å"I have no more to say; storm as thou willst,/And give the rein to all thy pent-up rage† (Oedipus the King, lines 346-347). Oedipus comes to realize that there is no changing the fate that his been placed on his life. Being so distraught over this, Oedipus gauges out his own eyes so that he no longer can see the pain and suffering that he has inflicted upon his people and his world. In Othello, we see an entirely different story. Whereas Oedipus was constantly attem pting not to fulfill the prophecy that had been placed upon him, Othello had no such stories to help guide him. His tragedy arises from the fact that the man he had thought to be a friend, Iago, feeds Othello lies and falseShow MoreRelatedOthello Notes2305 Words   |  10 PagesOthello Notes: Assessment Objectives: AO1: A consistently fluent, precise writing, using critical terminology to present a coherent and detailed argument in which the question is well understood and answered. AO2: Well developed, analytical and consistently detailed discussion of effects of language, form and structure and ways in which it affects the audience. AO3: Well informed and detailed discussion of different readings of the text by various audiences, as well as different criticalRead MoreEssay Prompts4057 Words   |  17 Pageswork as a whole. Avoid mere plot summary. You may select a work from the list below or another novel or play of comparable literary merit. Alias Grace Middlemarch All the King’s Men Moby-Dick Candide Obasan Death of a Salesman Oedipus Rex Doctor Faustus Orlando Don Quixote A portrait of the Artist as a Young Man A Gesture Life Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead Ghosts The Scarlet Letter GreatRead MoreA Summary On Tragedy 2914 Words   |  12 Pagesand he places that prize at risk through his own choices. Aristotle further elaborates that the tragic hero must, by the play s close, lose everything he has achieved through hubris - blind pride that defies the gods. In Sophocles Oedipal cycle, Oedipus tries to discover the secrets of his birth, while Creon denies Antigone’s brother honorable burial and as a result both heroes lose their kingdoms. Shakespeare takes Greek-style hubris even further, as he has Macbeth lose his soul and Hamlet his consciousRead MoreAmerican Literature11652 Words   |  47 Pagesideas that have to do with physical sensations--sounds, tastes, smells and so on. Finally, he can go back and think about all the ideas these different images could imply--figure out their connotations, in other words. For example, if a poet compares something to a ship, the reader might think about what ships look like, and then think about what it feels like to be on a ship. How do ships move? Where do they go? What sights, sounds, smells and sensations can we associate with ships and being

Management Informational System Free Essays

Answer Review questions 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 10, 13, 16, 18, 22 in your own words. First, write the questions, and then answer with proper explanation. 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Management Informational System or any similar topic only for you Order Now Define the term database. How is it different from a database management system? Database is simply a collection of data. A database helps and provides managers and decision making people with timely and relevant information that leads the company to organizational success. A database management system is totally different than regular database. A (DBMS) is a group of programs that manipulates the database. . What is the hierarchy of data in a database? The hierarchy of data in a database is bits, records, files, database, fields, and characters. 3. What is the purpose of a primary key? How is it useful in controlling data redundancy? The purpose of a primary key is identifying records and make sure they can be accessed and organized. It makes sure that each record in a file is unique; therefore, no two files can have the same information. 4. What are the advantages of the database approach over the traditional approach to database management? Most companies use database approach more over the traditional approach because it allows them the ability to share data and information. It allows them to share a pool of data with multiple different types of information systems. 5. What is data modeling? What is its purpose? Briefly describe three commonly used data models. Data modeling is an approach to modeling organizational objects and associations that employ both text and graphics. To come up with a solution to a problem after the company has gathered and analyzed information. Enterprise data modeling investigate data and information needs of the organization * Entity-relationship diagrams uses graphical symbols to show the organization of and relationship between data * Data model diagram of entities and their relationships 6. What is a database schema, and what is its purpose? A database schema is a description including the logical and physical structure of the data and the relationship among the data. The purpose of data base schema is to define the tables and other database associated with a user. 7. What is the difference between a data definition language (DDL) and a data manipulation language (DML)? DDL is a set of instructions and commands used to define and describe data and relationships in a specific database. DML is a language that allows user to access and modify the data, to make queries, and to generate reports. 8. What is a data warehouse, and how is it different from a traditional database used to support OLTP? A data warehouse holds all of the business information such as the processes, products, and customers of a company. It was designed to help with decision making for management and also stores historical data from operational systems and external sources. Data warehouse is more advanced and complex compared to using a traditional database. 9. What is the relationship between the Internet and database? The Internet transmits data from one computer to another and database is a collection of organized data. 10. What is predictive analysis, and how does it assist businesses in gaining competitive advantage? Predictive analysis is a form of data mining that combines historical data with assumptions about future conditions to predict outcomes of events. It helps them find new market segments that could be profitable for their businesses. PART II Fill in the Blanks with appropriate words: 1. A(n) Database Administrator is a skilled and trained IS professional who directs all activities related to an organization’s database, including providing security from intruders. 2. A(n) Character is a basic building block of information, consisting of uppercase letters, lowercase letters, numeric digits, or special symbols. . A(n) Entity is a generalized class of people, places, or things for which data is collected, stored, and maintained. 4. A(n) Primary Key is a field or set of fields that uniquely identifies the record. 5. A(n) Data Model is a diagram of entities and their relationships. 6. A(n) Relational Model database model that describes data in which all data elements are placed in tw o-dimensional tables, called relations, which are the logical equivalent of files. 7. A(n) Flat file is a simple database program whose records have no relationship to one another. 8. A(n) Data Definition Language (DDL) is a collection of instructions and commands used to define and describe data and relationships in a specific database. 9. A(n) Data Administrator is responsible for defining and implementing consistent principles for a variety of data issues, including setting data standards and data definitions that apply across all the databases in an organization. 10. A(n) Data Warehouse is a database that holds business information from many sources in the enterprise, covering all aspects of the company’s processes, products, and customers. 1. A(n) Data Mart is a subset of a data warehouse. 12. Data Mining is an information-analysis tool that involves the automated discovery of patterns and relationships in a data warehouse. 13. Predictive Analysis is a form of data mining that combines historical data with assumptions about future conditions to predict outcomes of events, such as future product sales or the probability that a customer will default on a loan. PART III Case #1 Managing International Trades with Powerful Database Systems Discussions questions 1. What unique challenges do databases that deal with financial markets face? They use the database to fuel business intelligence tools to allow it to process data. The company maintains a data warehouse on which it runs queries. 2. How does Internaxx separate data in its database for annual reports from the data that fuels real-time analytics? Inernaxx data warehouse provides data that gives out the annual reports that are updated frequently. Whereas, the functional databases that feed into the warehouse provides it with the real-time information. Critical thinking questions 1. In what ways does Internaxx use its database to provide the company with a competitive advantage? The Internaxx database fuels both wise investment decision-making for Intenaxx customers and wise business decision-making for Internaxx executives. It uses it database to fuel business intelligence and the company maintains the data in the warehouse. This insight helps to make a competitive advantage. Their database allows consumers to watch the rise and fall stock prices and market conditions. . What unique capabilities must the Internaxx database have in order to support trading in 15 stock exchanges around the world? They must deal with a numerous amount of data and the data collected by Internaxx originates from the many trading operations carried out by its customers. The company needs to make sure they have reliable network connection to make sure the exchanges are efficient and happen. Internaxx must have both a e-commerce and m-commerce to accompli sh all of these exchanges around the world. How to cite Management Informational System, Papers

The Crucible8 Essay Example For Students

The Crucible8 Essay Many literary works have been produced that symbolize other periods of time or certain events that have occurred throughout history. One example is the play The Crucible by Arthur Miller. There is little symbolism within The Crucible, however, the play can be seen as symbolic of the paranoia about Communism that pervaded American in the 1950s. Several similarities exist between Millers depiction of the seventeenth-century witch trials and the time of the Red Scare. The House of the Un-American Activities Committees rooting of suspected communisms during the Red Scare and the courts actions in The Crucible are very similar.Both were narrow-minded, displayed excessive enthusiasm and disregard for the individuals that characterized the governments effort to stamp out a perceived social illness. During the setting of the Red Scare and The Crucible, paranoia was evident and many bad things occurred as a result of its presence. At the time of the Red Scare, many were afraid that communists were trying to take over America. This led the government to make the House of the Un-American Activities Committee, which would seek out communists and stop them from making any attempts of taking over the country. If the committee found anyone guilty of being a communist then they were jailed, or even killed like Ethel and Julius Rosenburg. The paranoia created caused the committee to put hundreds of people on trial that never practice communism at all. The paranoia in The Crucible also led to many terrible events to occur. After Betty and Ruth are struck sick and tired, many conclude that it is due to witchcraft. The notion of witchcraft being present in Salem causes paranoia and people become frightened. Searches are sent out to find these alleged witches and dispose them. The paranoia causes many people to be brought before the court in order for Salem to rid it of these evil witches. If they were found guilty, they were also jailed or killed. In both cases, the paranoia cause d many innocent lives to be ruined or lost.The House of the Un-American Activities Committee and Judge Danforth prosecuted and ruined many innocent lives. The paranoia that was present during the Red Scare caused the House of the Un-American Activities Committee to put hundreds of suspected communists on trial. Over 320 people were jailed or blacklisted due to the rulings of the House of the Un-American Committee. Many of those people were innocent, but the House of the American Committee refused to listen to whatever pleas they made in order to prove their innocence. This is the same for the numerous citizens that were put on trial during the seventeenth century witch hunts in Millers play. Many of the citizens Judge Danforth put on trial were prosecuted because they were suspected of practicing witchcraft. Many of which were innocent as well, like Rebecca Nurse and Martha Corey. Even though they were innocent they were found guilty. Judge Danforth also did not bother to change his rulings whenever the defendants showed good evidence of their innocence, like when Giles Corey and Francis Nurse brought a signed petition that stated that there their wives were not witches but were good people. Many lives in Salem were ruined as well due to these witch trials.Many were hanged or imprisoned due to the court rulings of Judge Danforth. Very little could be done to save ones life. We will write a custom essay on The Crucible8 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The House of the Un-American Committee and the authority in Salem both encouraged their defendants to name names, identifying others sympathetic to their radical cause. The House of the Un-American Activities Committee offered to salvage the lives of people if they would name others whom they knew were guilty of practicing communism. The type of thing appears in The Crucible as well. If the people would confess who they knew practiced witchcraft they might receive a pardon. This is shown when Abigail names Tituba in order to save herself. In both cases, many of the people would say the names of the innocent in order to save themselves. The House of the Un-American Committee and the court of Salem would be very appreciated of this, but it was also created more chaos and make matters worse. .u90fa95039a7e2a2e484e1be9aa2f5c27 , .u90fa95039a7e2a2e484e1be9aa2f5c27 .postImageUrl , .u90fa95039a7e2a2e484e1be9aa2f5c27 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u90fa95039a7e2a2e484e1be9aa2f5c27 , .u90fa95039a7e2a2e484e1be9aa2f5c27:hover , .u90fa95039a7e2a2e484e1be9aa2f5c27:visited , .u90fa95039a7e2a2e484e1be9aa2f5c27:active { border:0!important; } .u90fa95039a7e2a2e484e1be9aa2f5c27 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u90fa95039a7e2a2e484e1be9aa2f5c27 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u90fa95039a7e2a2e484e1be9aa2f5c27:active , .u90fa95039a7e2a2e484e1be9aa2f5c27:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u90fa95039a7e2a2e484e1be9aa2f5c27 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u90fa95039a7e2a2e484e1be9aa2f5c27 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u90fa95039a7e2a2e484e1be9aa2f5c27 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u90fa95039a7e2a2e484e1be9aa2f5c27 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u90fa95039a7e2a2e484e1be9aa2f5c27:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u90fa95039a7e2a2e484e1be9aa2f5c27 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u90fa95039a7e2a2e484e1be9aa2f5c27 .u90fa95039a7e2a2e484e1be9aa2f5c27-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u90fa95039a7e2a2e484e1be9aa2f5c27:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Turgenev: Realist or Romantic? EssayThe paranoia and chaos that surfaced during the time of the Red Scare in the 1950s is also present during the time of the seventeenth century witch trials depicted in The Crucible. The House of the Un-American Activities Committee and the court in Salem are a lot a like. They both tried and ruined the lives of the innocent. They also encouraged defendants to name the names of others in order to salvage their own life, which brought about more chaos and worsened the matter. Bibliography:

MANUFACTURING PROCESS Essays - Health, Pharmacology, Free Essays

MANUFACTURING PROCESS Essays - Health, Pharmacology, Free Essays MANUFACTURING PROCESS LAYOUT What is Manufacturing process? Manufacturing p rocess can be defined as one or more activities involved in the transformation of Inputs (raw material or information) to a tangible or intangible output. Basic steps involved in each type of process: Planning Planning is about how to meet demand with available resources by developing a set of metrics to monitor the supply chain for high quality and value. Sourcing Sourcing is about selection of the suppliers which will deliver raw materials required for production. Keys Tools/Tasks needed to be managed: 1) Pricing . 2) Delivery Process . 3) Payment Process. 4) Relations (both B2B and B2C). 5) Receiving and transferring of Supplies/Payment to Manufacturing Cell/Suppliers. Making Making is about production of goods and services. It requires scheduling of manufacturing process to meet the demand with Speed (less time), Quality, Quantity and Work Productivity. Delivery It refers to the logistic processes i.e. moving product to Warehouse or to Retailers. Key Tools/Metrics: Seven R's - 1) Right Place 2) Right Price 3) Right Cost 4) Right Time 5) Right Product 6) Right Quality 7) Right Quantity. Returning It is about process of receiving worn-out , defective and excess products back from customer, and support for customers who have problem with delivered products. Manufacturing Process of Torrent Pharma Pvt Ltd? All the steps involved in the manufacturing process of Torrent pharma is as following: Planning The company have its presence in more than 40 countries and each country has its own set of rules and requirement when it comes pharmaceuticals industry. Every country has to go through some background check about the quality of the drugs provided by a pharmaceutical company. For example: Product shipping to USA will always be labelled in white colour and product shipping to Vietnam or Malaysia will be labelled in yellow in colour. Moreover, as India has Central Drug Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO) and Food Safety and Drug Administration (FSDA), other countries also have similar bodies which controls the type and quality of the drug which can be sold in the market. Thus, to meet all the country's basic norms about the importing a drug from another country torrent pharma has to procure all the raw materials as well as the packaging materials as per each country's requirement. Sourcing Torrent Pharma requires approximately 202 chemicals and molecules as a raw material to produce its wide range of products. Also, in some countries combination of different molecules of a drug is allowed but in country like USA with generic medicine business they are forced to make drug of single purpose. Thus, torrent plans it sourcing accordingly. Torrent pharma produces its own 15% of raw materials and rest is either imported from china (20-30%) and other raw materials are sourced from Indian companies dealing in pharmaceuticals raw materials. A few of the companies as stated by the supply chain manager of torrent pharma are following (This are not the only companies from which they buy, others are small manufacturers in South India): Avi Pharmachem D eals in pharmaceuticals raw materials like pharmaceutical excipients etc. Business Type: Wholesale Suppliers Address: Shop No.-1, Opp. Hotel City Look, Sai Road, Baddi , Himachal Pradesh India Singhal Corporation D eal in pharmaceutical raw material , active pharmaceutical ingredients etc. Business Type: Wholesale Suppliers Address: 39/1, Shivdutt Nagar,Dapodi Road,Pimple Gurav,Pune 411027, Maharashtra India Benson Inc Wholesale suppliers of pharmaceutical raw materials , chemical, dyes, pigments, etc. Business Type: Exporters / Manufacturer / Wholesale Suppliers Address: 38/b-1, 1r Vasu, 1st Road, Tps -vi, Milan Subway, Santacruz (west), Mumbai, Maharashtra India Ace Chemicals Exporters of Pharmaceutical Drugs, Anti Allergic Drugs, Anti-Cancer Drugs, Anti Diabetes Drugs, etc. Business Type: Manufacturer / Exporters / Wholesale Suppliers Address: No 3/1-2, 1st Floor, Basappa Road, Off K H Road, Shantinagar , Bangalore, Karnataka India Indus Pharmaceuticals D eals in condoms, pharmaceutical chemicals, pharmaceutical raw material , pharmaceutical ingredients, pharmaceutical injection, A loe Vera , tea, skin care creams, woman sanitary napkin, moisturizing lotion, thermal papers, coffee etc. Business Type: Wholesale Suppliers / Exporters / Manufacturer Address: 24 Subramaniam Street, Abiramapuram , Chennai, Tamil Nadu India Making Manufacturing of drugs is a various step process. All the employees involved in the

The Art of Publicity for the Self-Publishing Author

The Art of Publicity for the Self-Publishing Author The Art of Publicity for the Self-Publishing Author Tim Moore is a Reedsy publicist with over 20 years experience managing successful sales, marketing and publicity campaigns for major publishing companies as well as several independents. Along with Mitch Albert, he co-founded Periscope Books in 2014 and The Momentum Publishing Company in 2016.Publicity has always been the darling of book promotion. Unlike sales or marketing campaigns, book publicity helps build an author’s brand by generating endorsements from media brands: in many cases, these can be in the form of reviews. These kinds of promotions are known to have a greater effect on consumer behavior than, say, an advert on the side of a bus. The problem with book publicity, of course, is how to generate it in the first place - which is why an entire industry has sprung up around this question! #Selfpub authors: What are your publicity options? Every week, over twenty-thousand books are published in the English language. Most of them, if not all, vie for attention from the same media outlets. That’s where book publicists step in. Publicists are expected to use their experience and media contacts to place books - and the story behind the book - in the right hands.Once prospective readers are exposed to your book (with positive reinforcement from a reviewer or a charming interview) copies will ideally start flying off the shelves.Advertising is what you pay for, but publicity is what you pray forIf publicity is unpredictable compared to ads, then why should authors and publishers roll the dice on publicists? Well, for one, it’s much better at influencing buyer decisions, which can be largely attributed to the effect of a third party endorsement. This â€Å"endorsement† could be a review from their daily newspaper of choice or a simple mention from their favorite morning radio DJ. A Nielsen study on the role of content in the consumer decision-making process concluded that PR is almost 90% more effective than advertising.This is the main reason book publicists are in business: when they're good, they can really move the needle and create a buzz around your book. This momentum often starts with exposure within the book trade. Then it’s on to real work of building word of mouth out in the wider world. Publicity is certainly not the only marketing channel available for books - but it is certainly one of the more cost-effective ones, especially when used in conjunction with social media. "In publishing, advertising is what you pay for - but publicity is what you pray for" Do it yourselfBook publicity, which is all about persuading people to give your book attention, is more of an art than a science. This means that anybody can give it a go - and perhaps get positive results. For example, local radio stations are always interested in hearing from local authors. You can get work on your own social media strategy and start contacting influential YouTubers, Instagrammers, and Twitter users. Sometimes, offering free books and merchandise to use in contests is enough to get them on board.Here's an example of a (high-profile) YouTube paid promotion: Just remember: media people of all levels will want to see your press release, so make sure you have one prepared!Before you swear off professional publicists, be aware that once you’re targeting media outlets of a certain size, most producers, editors, and other gatekeepers will not respond directly to authors. Just as most major publishing houses will insist on dealing with agents, getting access national media will likely require an experienced publicist with pre-existing contacts. That’s a big chunk of what you’re paying for with publicity! How can #selfpub authors become DIY publicists? That brings us onto our next question: once you’ve made the decision to seek out a publicist, how much should you expect to pay?Setting a publicity budgetWhen you self-publish, you won’t soon forget that you are likely paying for publicity out of your own pocket - so you need to make sure what you spend makes sense for your project.Here’s a general rule of thumb for book marketing budgets that I find works across most types of books: aim to spend $0.75 to $1 per book sale forecasted. So, if the book has sold 5,000 copies into bookstores, then a publicity and marketing budget of $3,750 to $5,000 is about right.But what if a book is self-published and distributed only through Kindle and KDP? There’s still a way you can forecast a title that doesn’t use traditional distribution channels:1) Carefully choose three comparable titles (comparable both in its subject matter and the size of its author’s platform)2) Establish their overall sales ranks on Amazon by looking at the Product Details on their respective pages. How much should #selfpub authors budget for marketing? Find out here! Now that you’re armed with a ballpark publicity budget, let’s look at who you should hire for the job.The right person for the jobIdeally, you want to find a publicist who has worked on similar projects in the past - books in the same genre or covering the same type of subject matter, ideally written by authors with a similar profile as you. If you’re trying to a promote a popular science title, it helps if your publicist has established contacts at media outlets like Scientific American.Most publicists are versatile, but they often prefer to work within their established niches.If you're searching for book publicists for the first time through Reedsy or a similar platform, just look at their book portfolios. Have they represented similar books in the past? Do they have a long history in publicity and marketing? What’s their experience with both online and traditional media?Make a short list of professionals and get in touch with them. Ask them about the recent campaigns, and find out what their definition of a â€Å"successful campaign† is. It’s crucial at this point that both your expectations are in line - if you have your heart set on getting on the local news, then your publicist needs to have a well-founded belief that they can pull it off.The more experience a publicist has, the more you can expect to pay. And since most publicists book themselves out well ahead of time, be sure to start your search at least six months before your publishing date.Start thinking strategicallyAfter finding your perfect publicist, you'll need to agree on a strategy. A good book publicist will tailor their strategy to the book as well as to the author. For example, a well-known celebrity debut novel might not get much interest in the review pages - but it might receive a lot of interest from radio and television producers, as well as feature editors.On the other hand, a self-help author would probably have better penetration on lo cal radio. Every approach will yield different results, so it's up to you and your publicist to figure out the strategy that will serve your book best.What’s the story?In every situation, it is of utmost importance to determine the unique selling point of the book: the publicity angle. To come up with great publicity angles, you need to think like a journalist and remember the 4 W's (and 1 H):WHAT is particularly newsworthy about the book?WHY is this news important to the target audience?WHERE is the author from?WHEN is the book being published?HOW did this book come about?A professional publicist can help you develop this story. But if you're going solo, make sure you think along these lines. It will not only help you determine the newsworthiness of your book but will likely reveal which channels you should pitch to.Don’t forget the easy winsThe most important thing when considering any publicity is to marry expectations to reality. It's fine to aim for dream exposure like national press coverage, but not at the expense of lower hanging fruit. Make sure your ‘hit list’ contains a good balance of achievable goals as well as ‘stretch’ goals and you’ll be fine.‘Publicity by Results’ and other blurred linesJust one more thing...Book publicists traditionally work on a retainer, for a set fee - or, occasionally, on a day rate. But some publicists are now choosing to work on a ‘publicity by results’ basis. A model that has long existed in general publicity, this concept has since found its way into the book world. It's pretty straightforward: you only pay for actual publicity your book receives.For example: let’s say an author or publishing house agrees to pay a per-interview fee to secure exposure over twenty radio interviews, but the publicist only books twelve. Well, a refund would be issued for the difference. But if the publicist arranges twenty-five interviews, the client still on ly pays for twenty.Some social media initiatives can also be arranged on a similar basis. For example, many popular Instagram accounts will give your book a "shout out† for a set fee. Publicity by Results: How authors can pay only for the coverage they get Get a quoteThe art of book publicity revolves around finding out why your book matters - and why readers should all take notice. The real tricky business is getting this information into the right hands. But when it all comes together, book publicity is a powerful force.Learn more about publicity in self-publishing and get a free quote from Tim Moore and other top publicists on the Reedsy Marketplace.Do you have experience working with a publicist on your book? Share your thoughts and questions for Tim in the comments below.

Employee motivation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Employee motivation - Essay Example Making an employee feel that they are working towards a better result for themselves and the company, is the best way for an organization to initiate motivation among their work force and offer the best results in relation to the productivity that the company is able to achieve. Though the issue of employee motivation involves the entire organization as a whole, the main people who are involved in ensuring that this motivation exists are the individuals in management positions. This is because they are the ones who deal directly with the different sections of the work force and thus are in an advantageous position to better understand the employees and what it will take to sufficiently motivate them to work harder (Allen & Heidi, 2011). The managers in the company are also in a sense directly responsible for the attitude that employees will have towards the organization as they are deemed to be the representatives of the company. Thus, their treatment of their subordinates technically reflects how the company views their employees (Jon & Paul, 2009). This means that if the employees are mistreated on a frequent basis or are simply treated with callousness by their superiors, they will automatically assume that the company does not care about them. This is n ot concerned about their wellbeing despite the fact that the employees of higher positions may not even be informed of what is going on within the lower ranks as they may have put their trust on those appointed to take care of the work force and see no need for vigorous supervision of their activities. However, ignorance has still no excuse for the poor treatment of a company’s work force. It is the organization’s duty to ensure that their employees’ morale remains high and should track their attitude and level of motivation on a frequent basis to ensure that this goal is not only achieved, but maintained (Jon & Paul, 2009). This can be done by concentrating on

Linking Marketing to Other Functional Areas Part II Assignment

Linking Marketing to Other Functional Areas Part II - Assignment Example Having said this, I see the finance area of the organization as one other area that will be affected by the transition, particularly when it comes to readjusting budget to cater for the additional human resource training and resource acquisition that the transition will come with. In all of these, I have learned that even though changes with the marketing structure may be challenging at first, its end result will always be beneficial. Perreault Jr, Cannon & McCarthy (2014) identified communication as an important tool that links the organization’s marketing team to the outside world, particularly customers. It is therefore not surprising that you point to communication as one of the company’s core issues with the change from direct sales to online distribution. With this noted, I am confident that one way in which the organization can mitigate potential impacts that communication can have on other functional areas is to ensure that there is an organizational structure in place that allows for easy flow of information and resources. This is because where there are bureaucracies in the flow of information, communication becomes challenging (Achrol & Kotler, 2012). On the other human resource issue of training, I will admonish training becomes a constant part of the organization rather than an isolated event. Reading through your post has really made me learned that to create a cross-function means bri nging as many other functions as possible together. Some of these include accounting, procurement, IT, manufacturing, shipping, R&D, and

International Customs Law Case Study

International Customs Law Case Study Natasha Joseph Candoma and Rutamu are two neighbouring States along which the river Hope runs. This river contains a rare fish that both States regularly seek out. Due to the river being narrow, the two States have created a system that allows one State to fish, while the other waits until the first has left. One day, a vessel from Candoma was fishing when a vessel from Ruatmu approached. The latter vessel refused to halt, thus resulting in a collision of both vessels. The Rutamuan captain was arrested and tried in Candoman court (Abass, 2012, p. 66). The issue, in this case, is whether Rutamu breached International Customs Law when its vessel encroached upon Candomas vessel as the Candoman crew was fishing in the river Hope. The principles discussed within the chapter will be used as an aid in advising how both parties should argue their respective cases. According to Article 38(1) of the International Court of Justice, the governing rule of law in this dispute is Customary International Law (Abass, 2012, p. 27). Customary International Law is defined as the general and consistent practice followed by States, from a sense of legal obligation (Abass, 2012, p.34). The dispute between Candoma and Rutamu meet the criteria for customary international law, as without this custom, there were severe sanctions that followed. Consistent is defined as conforming to a regular pattern that is unchanging in agreement (Oxford Dictionary, 2010).   In this case, consistency and uniformity of practice are required to prove custom (Abass, 2012, p.39). Candoma constantly abided by the rules that were set out when the custom was created. Although, Rutamu, was not as consistent given the vessel breached waiting, a small degree or frequency will not prevent the formation of this customary rule (Abass, 2012, p.39). Therefore, the practice by Candoma a nd Rutamu over the course of several years demonstrates consistent behaviour. The two criteria for proving the existence of customs in International law are general state practice and opinio juris. General state practice is defined as the total sum of how States behave in respect of a particular issue or situation (Abass, 2012, p.37). In this case, the State of Candoma participated in general state practice. The party which relies on a customà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦must prove that this custom is established in such a manner that it has become binding on the other party (Abass, 2012, p.39). Since Candoma relied on this custom by practicing it, they proved to Rutamu that there was a custom to abide by. Therefore binding Rutamu to participate in the custom. Although it may be argued that, Rutamu did not participate in general state practice. According to Akehurst a number of States participating is more important than the frequency or duration of the practice. Even a practice followed by a few States, on a few occasions and for a short period of time, can create a custom ary rule (Abass, 2012, p.38). In this case, both States needed to participate in the action of this custom in order for there to be a customary law. As this custom is a regional custom, all States against which a regional custom is claimed must have accepted it (Abass, 2012, p. 37). Therefore, this shows that general state practice has not been established. Opinio Juris is defined as the psychological element underscoring States belief that they are under a legal obligation to do, or to refrain form doing, an act (Abass, 2012,p.42). Official statements are not required when determining opinio juris; rather it may be gathered from, acts or omissions (Abass, 2012, p. 40). In this case, the State of Condoma expressed opinio juris through accepting the custom of waiting as law, believing that they were under a legal obligation to fulfill such an act. They reaffirmed opinio juris through general state practice. Although it may be argued, that Rutamu did not express opinio juris. This can be seen through the States actions. Rutamu had previously objected once to the waiting custom by writing to Candoma. The act of writing justifies that Rutamu did not believe in the custom of waiting. In a regional custom, States must demonstrate customary acceptance. In other words, it can be considered as an opt in process. Meaning, a particular State must have demonstrated acceptance of this law through State practice and opinio juris to participate in such a custom (Braley Rattai, 2017). Seeing that Rutamu did not express opinio juris, and wrote to Candoma justified the State was not bound to any law. This demonstrates that Rutamu did not breach waiting; therefore this shows that opinio juris has not been established. In conclusion, both parties have strong cases in relation to this dispute. Although, Rutamu did not breach the custom of waiting as it failed to express opinio juris and general state practice, which are required in participating in a regional custom. Therefore, this State did not participate in the waiting custom and was thus not bound to it making them eligible to freely fish at any given time they want. References (APA Style): Abass, A. (2012). Complete International Law: Text, Cases, and Materials (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Braley Rattai, A. (2017, January 10). International Law: Theories and Sources. Lecture presented at University of Toronto, Scarborough. Oxford Dictionary of Current English. (2001). New York.

Forward Integration or Horizontal Expansion? Essay

In early March 2004, Alejandro Perez, president and CEO of Chilean forestry company, Arauco, was about to present his recommendations to the board of directors as to whether the company should invest US$1 billion to construct a new state-of-the-art chemical pulp plant. The plant, part of a multiphase project called Nueva Aldea, would increase Arauco’s capacity by approximately 800,000 tons to 3. 2 million tons, placing the company as the largest producer of market pulp, just ahead of Aracruz in Brazil. Two years earlier, Arauco’s board approved the first phase of the Nueva Aldea project for US$150 million, which consisted of building a sawmill, plywood mill, and energy complex. The second phase involved constructing a pulp mill following the inauguration of the new Valdivia plant on January 30, 2004. The Valdivia plant had a designed production capacity of 700,000 tons of pulp, with an operating life between 30 and 40 years and expected sales of USD $350 million per year. 1 Perez was concerned about the downward trend in market pulp prices over the last three years. In addition, major paper companies, the sole buyers of market pulp, were typically backwardintegrated into the production of pulp. Perez was confident, however, that the board would trust his judgment given Arauco’s tremendous success in recent ventures into remanufactured wood products (such as cut stock, blanks, clear rips, and decking balusters), plywood, and fiberboard panels. Perez anticipated the toughest question the board would pose: would shareholders be better served by a strong-willed forward integration move into paper manufacturing rather than the horizontal growth plan he was proposing? Furthermore, was a large resource commitment a good strategic move at this point? History of Arauco and COPEC Arauco was formed through a merger between Industrias Arauco and Celulosa Constitucion in 1979. Both companies had been created 20 years earlier by the Chilean government to develop forest resources, improve soil quality, and promote employment. In the late 1970s, the Chilean government had initiated an aggressive privatization program, which resulted in the sale of Industrias Arauco in 1977 to Compania de Petroleos de Chile (COPEC), a conglomerate involved in oil and gas, fishing, ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Professors Ramon Casadesus-Masanell and Jorge Tarzijan (Universidad Catolica de Chile) and Research Associate Jordan Mitchell prepared this case. HBS cases are developed solely as the basis for class discussion. Cases are not intended to serve as endorsements, sources of primary data, or illustrations of effective or ineffective management. Copyright  © 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009 President and Fellows of Harvard College. To order copies or request permission to reproduce materials, call 1-800-545-7685, write Harvard Business School Publishing, Boston, MA 02163, or go to http://www. hbsp. harvard. edu. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, used in a spreadsheet, or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise—without the permission of Harvard Business School. 705-474 Arauco (A): Forward Integration or Horizontal Expansion? forest management, and pulp. Two years later in 1979, COPEC purchased Celulosa Constitucion, merging the two entities to create Celulosa Arauco y Constitucion SA (referred to as Arauco). Arauco began its expansion plan in the 1980s, which involved purchasing land and plantations and installing new technology equipment to improve efficiencies to compete effectively in the world market pulp arena. The expansion plan paid off as the company’s total holdings in hectares2 grew from 170,000 in 1980 to 1,200,000 hectares in 2003. 3 Throughout the 1990s, the company increased its production capacity by constructing a second line at the Arauco mill, introducing new bleaching systems, entering new product lines, and expanding energy generation at its plants. By 1996, Arauco moved across the border to Argentina to purchase the company Alto Parana, expanding the company’s overall product offerings, land holdings, and production capacity. In 2000, Arauco aggressively increased its capacity yet again by purchasing its third mill in Chile, increasing production in Argentina, and entering into the MDF (medium-density fiberboard) and HB (hardboard) markets through stakes in sawmill PANELS plants such as Cholguan and Trupan. In late 2001, the company commenced a three-year construction project of its new mill, the Valdivia mill, at an estimated cost of US$600 million. The Valdivia plant had opened in January 2004 with a total construction cost of US$1. 2 billion; US$900 million was apportioned to the purchase of the plant’s assets (a pulp plant and other assets), and US$300 million was for the creation of a 100,000 hectare forest. 4 The plant was the world’s fifth-largest bleached kraft pulp plant and the largest in Chile. By 2004, Arauco was one of the world’s premier forestry enterprises in terms of plantation areas and yields. It was also involved in the production of market kraft wood pulp, saw timber, and wood panels with forest plantations throughout Chile, Argentina and Uruguay. Arauco had sales offices in Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Holland, Japan, and the U. S. , and distributorships in Peru, Columbia, Venezuela, Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, Malaysia, and India. (Exhibit 1 shows Arauco’s corporate structure. ) COPEC was the majority shareholder with 99. 98% ownership of Arauco’s shares. COPEC: This company was founded after the stock market crash in 1929 with the intention of guaranteeing fuel supplies in Chile. 5 As of the end of 2003, the market capitalization of COPEC was approximately US$9. 3 billion, which represented 12% of the market capitalization of all publicly traded companies in Chile. COPEC was publicly traded with the majority of shares being indirectly held by the Angelini Group (via another company, AntarChile). Anacleto Angelini, part owner of the Angelini Group, was deemed to be one of the 10 richest men in Latin America by Forbes magazine. 6 COPEC’s consolidated sales were US$2. 7 billion, with operating income at $375 million. Although 35% of COPEC’s sales7 came from forestry, COPEC’s profits were tied closely to pulp prices, since 78% of the company’s EBITDA originated from Arauco. 8 Other sales were derived from fuels (60. 4%), fishing (1. 4%), and other investments (3. 2%). Arauco’s Strategy Arauco explained its central strategy in a letter to shareholders: The central idea behind our global strategy is to strengthen our position as one of the most important forestry companies in Latin America, employing [the company’s] size to achieve the necessary economies of scale for positioning [ourselves] as a company that provides a reasonable return to its shareholders while properly meeting its responsibilities to its employees, the country and the communities where it develops its activities. In the forestry area, Arauco’s strategy is to increase the value of it forest resources, consisting of radiata and 2 Arauco (A): Forward Integration or Horizontal Expansion? 705-474 taeda pine and eucalyptus through further purchases but especially through making intensive use of the most advanced technologies in genetic improvement, forest management and pest, weed and fire protection. 9 The company felt that it could achieve its strategy through implementing a capital expenditure plan aimed at increasing capacity, efficiency, and productivity in both pulp and wood products. While the company’s current strength was in softwood through its radiata and taeda pine forests, Arauco wanted to increase its hardwood pulp production by planting eucalyptus trees. By using advanced forest techniques, the company hoped that it would improve product quality and increase margins. An analyst described Arauco’s cost advantage in comparison with its northern counterparts: Arauco has a leading business position in the volatile market pulp industry due to its lowcost production capabilities. Unlike bleached softwood market pulp producers in the Northern Hemisphere, Arauco produces bleached softwood kraft pulp for less than $300 per ton. As a result, Arauco has been able to generate positive cash flows during troughs in the market pulp cycle. Nevertheless, like all producers of market pulp, Arauco is not able to escape the impact of pricing swings on its financial performance. This is reflected in the company’s credit protection measures, which have improved over the past two years as prices have risen. 10 Perez gave his view of Arauco’s performance against its strategy, in light of difficult economic conditions in Chile: During several years, the company has been concentrated in the pulp business because we had young forests. But while they were maturing, we developed other important businesses like woods and panels that gave a bit more stability to the results. As well, investments made to improve our assets, our operational strength, and economic conditions—like the favorable exchange rate for export industries—have all helped to reduce operational costs. And, there’s a third reason that we’re different from other large Chilean companies that have a presence in Argentina. We’re oriented to exports. The crisis in Argentina has shook us like it has others, but our focus has allowed us to gain access to other markets and weather the storm. 11 An industry observer commented on Arauco’s decreasing reliance on pulp: â€Å"The firm . . . has been diversifying their business lines to minimize the impact of the volatility of pulp prices—one of their principal sources of income. The search to expand the company’s horizons have already had some repercussions to the company’s image: traditionally, they’ve been called Celulosa Arauco y Constitucion (Celarauco) or Celco, but now the company is positioning themselves more frequently with the name Arauco. †12 Product Segments Arauco had three main product segments: pulp products, such as bleached and unbleached kraft pulp; forestry products like pulpwood and sawlogs; and wood products, which included flitches, lumber, remanufactured wood products and panels. (Exhibits 2 and 3 show Arauco’s overall financials, employee base, and sales by product segment. ) Pulp Pulp was used primarily in the manufacturing of paper and paperboard products, although pulp was also employed in other products like rayon, photographic films, cellophane and explosives. 13 3 705-474 Arauco (A): Forward Integration or Horizontal Expansion? Ninety percent of the world’s pulp originated from wood and 10% was produced through alternative materials such as straw bamboo, bagasse, kenaf, flax, hemp, and cotton. 14 Processes and types There were several types of kraft pulp traded throughout the world. Pulp could either be bleached or unbleached and derived from either hardwood or softwood. Two processes existed for producing pulp: mechanical (produced by shredding logs or wood chips) and chemical (made by cooking wood chips in a solution). Chemical pulp was further subdivided into two groups: sulphite pulp and sulphate pulp (more commonly called kraft pulp, meaning â€Å"strong† in German). By 2004, the kraft process was the world’s predominant chemical pulping method accounting for 95 per cent of all chemical pulp. Kraft pulp was brown in color, and was thus bleached for most applications. For example, in the manufacturing of white paper, pulp was bleached at the end of the pulping process. In contrast, brown paper bags were manufactured from unbleached kraft paper. Arauco elected to produce all of their pulp through the kraft process. a Each region specialized in a given category: for example, northern bleached softwood kraft pulp was produced mainly in Canada, the U. S. , Russia and Scandinavia and bleached eucalyptus kraft pulp was made mostly in Latin America. Arauco’s production of pulp Over 50% of Arauco’s revenues were generated by pulp sales. As of early 2004, Arauco had five pulp mills in Chile: Arauco I, Arauco II, Constitucion, Licancel, and the newly constructed Valdivia. The company also controlled another pulp mill, which was part of the wholly owned Argentinean company Alto Parana. (Exhibit 4 provides information about each mill. ) Arauco Mills (both I and II) were located 600 kilometers south of Chile’s capital, Santiago, in what was known as the eighth region15 of Chile. The annual capacity of Arauco I was 290,000 metric tons of eucalyptus kraft pulp or 200,000 metric tons of RADIATA kraft pulp. Arauco II produced only bleached radiata pine pulp, and its annual production capacity was about 500,000 tons. Both mills were equipped to produce elementary chlorine-free pulp—a pulp that avoided the use of environmentally harmful chlorine gases. Constitucion Mill was located 360 kilometers southwest of Santiago in the seventh region of Chile, and boasted a capacity of 355,000 metric tons of unbleached pulp. Licancel made elementary chlorine-free bleached radiate and eucalyptus kraft wood pulp, which was used primarily in the production of printing, writing, hygienic, and industrial papers. Its production was about 120,000 tons annually. Based in Misiones, Argentina, Alto Parana produced approximately 350,000 tons of bleached softwood kraft wood pulp from tadea pinewood, supplied both from its own plantations and independent sources. The company’s pulp mills were not affected by seasonality and generally ran at capacity throughout the year except eight to ten days of maintenance every 12 months. Arauco was the world’s largest single producer of unbleached softwood kraft pulp, holding 15. 8% of the total market. The company actively exported around the world, with Asia as its major destination for export sales. Pulp represented US$709. 8 million or 48. 7% of Arauco’s sales in 2003. (Exhibit 5 shows Arauco’s pulp exports. ) Arauco Electricity Generation To combat against rising electricity costs in Chile in the first half of the 2000s, Arauco installed two electricity generating turbines beside its pulp production facilities at an approximate cost of $60 million. Combined, the turbines have a capacity of approximately 250 megawatts (MW) per year. Arauco’s plants used 120 MW, leaving 130MW extra electricity generation capacity. Arauco had decided to install the additional capacity (which cost roughly $20 million of the total $60 million) so that it could sell the extra electricity to the Chilean a The word â€Å"kraft† was derived from the German word â€Å"strong. † 4 Arauco (A): Forward Integration or Horizontal Expansion? 705-474 electricity grid. Arauco was the only Chilean manufacturer who engaged in energy trading of such magnitude; revenues from selling off the additional energy averaged about $100 million per year. Selling market pulp Arauco marketed all bleached pulp under the name â€Å"Arauco† and unbleached pulp under the name â€Å"Celco. † Pulp was a commodity and was marketed by pulp producers mostly on price and service to nonintegrated paper manufacturers. Arauco aimed to establish long-term relationships with nonintegrated paper manufacturers by providing competitively priced and high-quality pulp. (Arauco’s cost of producing pulp per ton is shown in Exhibit 6). Besides these costs, there were selling and administrative expenses averaging approximately 9% of yearly revenues. The asset beta of pulp production and sales was 0. 9. Arauco also tightly controlled its inventories, attempting to sell its bleached and unbleached pulp at favorable market prices. (Exhibit 7 shows Arauco’s Chilean bleached and unbleached pine pulp prices (CIF) per metric ton. ) Forests Arauco’s forestry products were classified as either sawlogs or pulpwood. Arauco was Chile’s largest radiata pine owner, with 33% of the country’s total plantations. Radiata pine was a fastgrowing conifer tree and was highly regarded for its quality of wood. Chilean climatic conditions were ideal for the growth of radiata pine, and the country was generally considered to have the richest natural resources of radiata pine in the world. Common uses for the radiata pine were decorative veneer, form work, heavy and light construction, joinery, paneling, pulp/paper products, wainscotings, packing cases, boxes, crates, and building materials. In Chile, the harvesting of pulp logs could take place 16 to 18 years after planting and high-quality saw logs could be harvested in 25 years. In contrast, pulp logs cultivated in the northern hemisphere were harvested only 18 to 45 years after plantation and sawlogs required 50 to 150 years. Radiata pine in Chile had a high yield per hectare due to the quality of soil, making it possible to plant a larger number of pines by hectare. The first seven to 12 meters of the radiata pine tree was the highest quality part and was used in sawmills and plywood mills. The next eight to 13 meters was destined to sawmills or pulp mills depending on diameter and density of knot distribution. The top section was used for pulp and medium-density fiberboard (MDF) production. (Exhibit 8 shows a diagram of a tree and its multiple uses. ) Forests management Arauco’s forest holdings were geographically split by farmlands. To control forest fires, the company operated an organization dedicated to the constant identification and extinguishing of potential hazards. (Exhibit 9 summarizes Arauco’s land and forest holdings in Chile as of year-end 2003. ) In addition to the 900,000 hectares Arauco owned in Chile, it owned 200,000 hectares in Argentina and Uruguay. Bioforest Bioforest was the only forestry science and technology research center in Chile. In its laboratories, nurseries, and greenhouses, Bioforest conducted research and evaluated the latest techniques. The company fed innovations into the rest of Arauco’s operations but did not publicize its findings to the broader research community, nor did it offer consulting services to outside companies. The total spend on research and development was spread throughout several areas of the company and therefore, exceeded the research and development costs listed in the company’s annual financial statements. With advances in genetics and pest controls, Arauco was constantly seeking to improve the quality of its plantations. Bioforest had reached important achievements including the genetic 5 705-474 Arauco (A): Forward Integration or Horizontal Expansion? replication of high-quality radiata pine trees and eucalyptus trees. The company also researched soil fertility and insects aiming to develop strategies for plague control. Among other techniques to exterminate parasites, the company used natural predators biologically designed and reproduced in its own labs. Wood Products From its plantations, Arauco provided logs to sawmills and pulp mills, and to factories for the manufacture of panels. Arauco also sold logs and a variety of wood pieces on the open market. Arauco supplemented its production of pulp logs with purchases in the Chilean market. The plantations owned by Arauco covered approximately two-thirds of the raw material needed for production. The remaining one-third was purchased from providers and forest owners. The company hired independent contractors to perform most of its forest operations (planting, maintenance, thinning, pruning, harvesting, transportation, and access road construction). In 2003, the company employed over 10,000 workers through more than 300 subcontracting deals, with many contractors having long-standing relationships with Arauco. One important activity performed by independent contractors was the transportation from the forest plantations and between mills and ports. Fifteen years earlier, Arauco had owned a complete fleet of trucks, but by 2003 the company had outsourced the majority of its transportation needs. In some situations, Arauco provided capital to truck owners in order to expand and improve services. Arauco strove to establish long-term relationships and made renewable agreements of up to three years with truck owners and operators. Sawmills: Sawmills cleaned, dried, cut, and chopped logs into sawn timber. Arauco’s sawmills varied in capacity and capability, with some designed to produce green sawn timber (wood not dried in a kiln) and others designed to handle kiln-dried wood and remanufactured wood products. Arauco strategically built its sawmills close to its plantations to cut down on transportation costs and reduce time. The company owned 11 sawmills in Chile and two in Argentina that divided their production between sawn timber (green or kiln-dried) and remanufactured wood products, with an annual production capacity of 2. 5 million cubic meters of lumber. Arauco also owned five remanufacturing facilities that produced remanufactured wood products from reprocessed sawn timber. Like its forest operations, Arauco employed independent contractors to operate all of the sawmills and remanufacturing facilities. By 2003, Arauco’s sales of sawmill products represent 27. 5% of total sales. The mills had a total capacity of 5. 4 million cubic meters of sawlogs and 2. 65 million cubic meters of lumber. The Horcones II sawmill in Chile and the Misiones sawmill in Argentina were built in the first quarter of 2000 to increase production capacity by 520,000 cubic meters of sawn timber per year. The investment cost for Arauco was approximately US$52 million. At the same time, Arauco acquired Forestal Cholguan, through which it got the Cholguan sawmill, which further increased production capacity by 300,000 cubic meters of lumber per year. Panels Arauco produced plywood and fiber panels, which represented 20. 4% of the company’s sales in 2003. Arauco had expanded capacity first by building a plywood facility in 1997 at a cost of US$44 million, which increased production capacity by 230,000 cubic meters. In 2000, it built a second production line at a cost of US$30 million, and the total production of the facility reached 340,000 cubic meters. Maderas Prensadas Cholguan S. A. also became part of Arauco when the company bought Cholguan in 2000, increasing the capacity by approximately 300,000 cubic meters of MDF and HB. During 2002, two new mills MDF were set up, one in Chile and another in Argentina at a cost of US$135 million, amounting to a combined production capacity of 500,000 cubic meters. With all of these investments, Arauco’s current capacity was larger than one million cubic meters per year, making Arauco one of South America’s largest panel producers. 6 Arauco (A): Forward Integration or Horizontal Expansion? 705-474 Log Merchandizing Arauco used a process called â€Å"log merchandizing† to determine the location of cuts on each log and the order in which each section was sent to different adjoining facilities. Log merchandizing involved the use of a computer-driven scanner, which identified the log’s diameter, the shape of the knots and the optimal points for the cuts. After a log was cut, it was automatically grouped and then sent to one of three destinations: sawmills for timber, panel production or the chip plant (for eventual pulp production). It was estimated that the log merchandizing process saved millions of dollars per year as a 10-centimeter (3. 9 inches) error variation for an optimal cut in a major batch could result in $50 million in losses. The investment to install the specific assets related to log merchandizing cost about $30 million. As an Arauco executive stated: â€Å"You have no idea of the quality of the tree and the number of knots until you cut it down. The log merchandizing process ensures that we are using the parts of the tree for the right purpose. † Alto Parana Arauco acquired Alto Parana in 1996, with the main goal of kick-starting profitable businesses in Argentina. The acquisition included a pulp mill and plantations. Alto Parana was located 1,300 kilometers northeast of Buenos Aires, in the Misiones province of Argentina. The Alto Parana plant was the biggest pulp market producer in Argentina, with a capacity of 350,000 tons per year of bleached softwood kraft pulp. Arauco obtained raw material from Alto Parana’s plantations. While the plantations spanned 173,000 hectares, only 86,000 hectares were planted. Since these plantations were not sufficient for Alto Parana’s pulp mill capacity, approximately 50% originated from third parties. Alto Parana frequently entered into negotiations with third parties negotiating on the basis of price, quality, availability, and delivery. Sometimes, price negotiation escalated to local government as the forestry industry was the lifeblood of the Misiones province. The proximity of third-party resources was another vital concern as transportation costs ate into margins. Alto Parana was located far away from the main ports in Argentina. Thus, it was neither plausible nor cost effective to transport raw material from other countries. Argentina’s main forestry zones were located in the provinces of Misiones, Corrientes, Entre Rios, Chaco, and Patagonia. Apart from Misiones, where Alto Parana was located, Corrientes was the closest at 300 kilometers from the Alto Parana facility. In 2003, Corrientes had pine and eucalyptus plantations spanning 117,000 and 71,000 hectares, respectively. Exhibit 10 shows the approximate costs of lumber transportation inside Argentina. In addition, there were loading costs associated with moving raw materials from the forest plantations to the plants. Owners of Argentinean plantations had to choose between exporting the wood to foreign nations or selling the wood to local-based enterprises. It was estimated that the following firms would require approximately 50,000 tons of market pulp each. The main Argentinean firms that needed wood as a raw material were: †¢ Celulosa Argentina S. A. , specializing in the production of bleached pulp, and located in Santa Fe, 900 kilometers from Parana, with a capacity of 95,000 tons per year. †¢ Faplac S. A. , manufacturer of PBO (particle boards), located in the province of Buenos Aires about 1,000 kilometers from Alto Parana, with a capacity of 50,000 tons per year. 7 705-474 Arauco (A): Forward Integration or Horizontal Expansion? †¢ Ledesma S. A. , manufacturer of notebooks and commercial paper, with a production facility in San Luis, 1,400 kilometers from Alto Parana. Ledesma manufactured about 85,000 tons of paper a year, although most of the raw material it needed to produce pulp came from sugar cane. †¢ Massuh S. A. , manufacturer of pulp and paper, with a production of 120,000 tons per year. Its pulp and paper plant was located in Quilmes, Buenos Aires province, more than 1,300 kilometers from Alto Parana. †¢ Papelera Jujuy, paper manufacturer, located in Jujuy, 1,100 kilometers from Alto Parana with a capacity of 50,000 tons per year. †¢ Papelera Tucuman, paper manufacturer, located in Tucuman, about 1,000 kilometers from Alto Parana, with a capacity of 50,000 tons per year. Pulp and Paper Industry The global pulp and paper industry consisted of five main activities: forestry, pulp production, paper and board production, distribution, and converting. Most of the larger players in the industry had integrated operations that involved two or more of the above activities. The industry had undergone a number of mergers and acquisitions in the 1990s as pulp and paper manufacturers struggled to enhance efficiencies, increase capacities, and lower costs. Some industry observers felt that the highly fragmented nature of the industry meant that prices were less stable. Several of the larger companies were considered to be fully integrated with the ownership and operation of forests, pulp mills, paper factories, distribution, and converting facilities. Other firms chose to focus on a particular category. The overall paper demand was determined ultimately by consumers’ willingness to purchase products such as newspapers, magazines, office paper, stationary, and a host of home products such as tissue and toilet paper. Paper and paperboard in packaging was widespread and used across most consumer and industrial applications. The overall usage of converted paper products (newspapers, magazines, tissue paper, diapers, etc. ) created the demand, which determined the prices for pulp and paper. The main consumers of paper were from North America, with an average consumption of 326. 5 kilograms of paper per person per year. Western Europe, Japan, and China consumed approximately 190 kilogram per person per year. Developing countries in Asia, Eastern Europe, and Latin America were also increasing their usage of paper products. For example, corrugated paper in China was estimated at 13 to 15 billion cubic meters a year, with growth rates projected to be 10% annually for the next 10 years. 16 The possibility of such growth had spurred several pulp, paper, and chemical companies to form joint ventures with Chinese firms. Pulp and paper prices fluctuated as producers lowered prices in times of soft demand, and moved to increase supply by building more capacity when demand was predicted to increase. Suppliers of pulp and paper controlled inventories tightly, releasing products to the marketplace at targeted times. (Exhibit 11 shows the worldwide consumption of paper. ) Environmental Considerations—Recycling and Substitutes to Paper Governments had been increasing regulations for pulp and paper companies to avoid clearcutting forests, to reduce chemical by-products such as chlorine, limit gas emissions from the operation of factories, and increase recycling. With greater environmental pressures, the three â€Å"R† slogan (reduce, reuse and recycle) was creating alternative industries and increasing global 8 Arauco (A): Forward Integration or Horizontal Expansion? 705-474 capabilities to recycle paper. For example, in the U. S. , it was estimated that approximately 42% of paper was recovered for recycling. 17 Recycled fibers from paper replaced the use of pulp in paper manufacturing. Using recycled fibers had several advantages, including lower costs to recycle paper than to produce pulp, the reduction of wood usage, lower residues released into the environment, and an overall drop in the cost of environmental treatment. The major disadvantage of using recycled fibers was that its output per comparable ton was much less than pulp. Recycled fibers could be reused between five to seven times; after seven times, the fibers became too short for papermaking. 18 Recycled fibers were experiencing modest growth, with production growing at a compound annual growth rate of approximately 6% moving from 48 million tons annually in 1980 to an estimated 150 million in 2000. Some industry observers felt that the increasing use of computers, handheld devices, and mobile phones would act as a substitute for paper. However, with more information passing through these mediums, other industry observers felt that paper usage would increase. The Paper and Paperboard Industry Over half of the material that went into making paper and paperboard was made using pulp. Other materials included recycled fiber, chemicals, and minerals. By mixing together different variations of softwood or hardwood pulp, the paper manufacturer could produce a product for a specific intent. Paper products ranged from uncoated free sheets (such as regular writing paper) to coated free sheets, tissues, newsprint, and coated and uncoated groundwood. The worldwide paper market was estimated to be greater than 330 million tons at the end of 2003. The paper market had experienced three years of soft demand with no real growth in dollar terms since 2000. As of March 2004, an analyst assessed the worldwide paper market: Global paper demand is on the mend. U. S. prices are likely to lead the way into price recovery with a meaningful positive effect on U. S. earnings in the second quarter and should gain further in the second half. The U. S. dollar sets the tone for the sentiment to invest in the paper sector. While a weaker U. S. dollar undoubtedly has negative implications for earnings in the near term the impact of a weaker U. S. dollar is dwarfed in comparison to the impact of higher prices. . . . European paper prices have bottomed in our view and it appears likely that higher prices should start to impact earnings in some early cycle segments from the third quarter onwards. Later cycle segments, such as newsprint and SC paper, should see a nice price rebound in the early stages of 2005. Prices have been on a downward trajectory since the fourth quarter of 2000 but the tide is now turning. 19 Paper and Paperboard Companies Most of the large paper companies chose to operate a completely integrated structure that included the ownership of forests, pulp mills, paper manufacturing facilities, distribution arms, and converting capabilities. However, there were a number of smaller local firms that produced paper based on the specific need of their markets. These smaller paper manufacturers typically purchased raw materials such as pulp from suppliers based on the type of pulp (bleached, unbleached, softwood, hardwood, etc. ), the cost, and the service details. Some industry insiders felt that maintaining a fully integrated structure allowed for greater negotiation leverage with the main suppliers to the industry, such as chemical providers and paper and pulp machinery manufacturers. 9 705-474 Arauco (A): Forward Integration or Horizontal Expansion? Exhibit 12 shows a list of 25 of the world’s largest paper companies. The top five producers included: 1. International Paper Co. (U. S. ) had revenues of $25. 2 billion and profits of $302 million in 2003. The company was a fully integrated enterprise producing plywood, paper, pulp, packaging, and chemical by-products from papermaking. It controlled over 10 million acres of forestlands in the U. S. , Brazil, and New Zealand. 20 2. Georgia-Pacific Corp. (U. S. ) had revenues of $20. 2 billion and profits of $254 million in 2003. Like its main rival, International Paper Co, Georgia-Pacific was a vertically integrated competitor in pulp, paper, lumber, plywood, oriented strand board, adhesives, and a number of paper consumer products. The company planned on spinning off its consumer products division but changed plans due to weak equity markets in 2002. However, it did sell majority ownership of its distribution arm, Unisource Worldwide. 21 3. Stora Enso Corp. (Finland) had revenues of $15. 2 billion and profits of $182 million. Stora Enso was involved in the manufacturing of a wide variety of products such as magazine paper, newsprint, fine papers, packaging, graphic products, office papers, wallpaper base, and sawn timber. 22

Family Assessment Paper - 1315 Words

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